Communication without being physically tied-up to wires has always been of interest and mobile and wireless communication networks promise that. The last few years have witnessed unprecedented growth in wireless communication networks. Significant advancements have been made in the technologies that support wireless communication environment and there is much more to come in the future. The devices used for wireless communication require certain features that wired communication devices may not necessarily need. These features include low power consumption, light weight, and worldwide communication ability.
In wireless and mobile communication networks, the access to a communication network is wireless so that the end users remain free to move. The rest of the communication path could be wired, wireless, or combination of the two. In general, a mobile user, while communicating, has a wireless connection with a fixed communication facility and rest of the communication path remains wired. The range of wireless communication is always limited and therefore the range of user mobility is also limited. To overcome this limitation, the cellular communication environment has been devised. In a cellular communication environment, a geographical region is divided into smaller regions called cells, thus the name cellular. Each cell has a fixed communication device that serves all mobile devices within that cell. However, as a mobile device, while in active communication, moves out of one cell and into another cell, service of that connection is transferred from one cell to another. This is called the handoff process. The cellular arrangement has many attractive features. As the cell size is small, the mobile devices do not need very high transmitting power to communicate. This leads to smaller devices that consume less power.
In addition, it is well known that the frequency spectrum that can be used for wireless communication is limited and can therefore support only a small number of wireless communication connections at a time. Dividing communication regions into cells allows the use of the same frequency in different cells as long as they are sufficiently far apart to avoid interference. This increases the number of mobile devices that can be supported. Advances in digital signal processing algorithms and faster electronics have led to very powerful, smaller, elegant, and versatile mobile communication devices. These devices have tremendous mobile communication abilities including wireless Internet access, wireless e-mail and news items, and wireless video (though limited) communication on handheld devices. Wireless telephones are already available and operate in different communication environments across the continents. The day is not far when a single communication number will be assigned to every newborn and will stay with that person irrespective of his/her location.
Another field that is emerging rapidly is the field of ad hoc wireless communication networks. These networks are of a temporary nature and are established for a certain need and for a certain duration. There is no elaborate setup needed to establish these networks. As a few mobile communication devices come in one another’s proximity, they can establish a communication network among themselves. Typical situations where ad hoc wireless networks can be used are in the classroom environment, corporate meetings, conferences,
disaster recovery situations, etc. Once the need for networking is satisfied, the ad hoc networking setup disappears.
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